Vietnamese Thiền, also known as Vietnamese Zen Buddhism, is a branch of Mahayana Buddhism that emphasizes the practice of meditation as a means to attain enlightenment. It has been deeply influenced by Chinese Chán Buddhism and has its roots in the teachings of the Indian monk Bodhidharma.

The main practice of Vietnamese Thiền is meditation, specifically the practice of sitting meditation, also known as zazen. This involves sitting in a cross-legged position, with the back straight and the hands resting on the lap, and focusing on the breath. The goal of zazen is to quiet the mind and achieve a state of mindfulness, where one is fully present in the moment and aware of their thoughts and emotions without being attached to them.

Another important practice in Vietnamese Thiền is the use of koans, which are paradoxical statements or questions that are meant to challenge the practitioner's logical thinking and lead them to a state of enlightenment. These koans are often used in conjunction with zazen, as a way to deepen one's meditation practice and understanding of Buddhist teachings.

In addition to meditation, Vietnamese Thiền also emphasizes ethical conduct and the cultivation of virtues such as compassion, wisdom, and mindfulness. Practitioners are encouraged to follow the Five Precepts, which are guidelines for moral conduct, and the Six Paramitas, which are virtues to be cultivated on the path to enlightenment.

Rituals and ceremonies also play a significant role in Vietnamese Thiền practice. These include chanting, bowing, and offering incense as a way to show reverence and gratitude to the Buddha and other enlightened beings. These rituals are seen as a way to purify the mind and cultivate a sense of devotion and gratitude.

In Vietnamese Thiền, there is also a strong emphasis on the relationship between the teacher and the student. The teacher, or roshi, plays a crucial role in guiding and supporting the student on their spiritual journey. The student is expected to show respect and gratitude to the roshi and follow their instructions and teachings.

Overall, the main practices of Vietnamese Thiền revolve around meditation, ethical conduct, and the cultivation of virtues and devotion. By integrating these practices into their daily lives, practitioners aim to deepen their understanding of Buddhist teachings and ultimately reach a state of enlightenment.