Within the vision of the Brahmo Samaj, caste and social hierarchy were seen as distortions of authentic spiritual life rather than divinely ordained structures. The movement affirmed the spiritual equality of all human beings before one Supreme Being, insisting that birth, lineage, or caste could not confer genuine religious superiority. Moral character and devotion to God, rather than inherited status, were upheld as the true measures of a person’s worth. In this sense, caste was treated as a human-made barrier that obscured the deeper unity of all souls.

This theological stance translated into a clear rejection of caste distinctions and the broader social hierarchy built upon them. Caste-based discrimination, untouchability, and rigid high–low status divisions were opposed as incompatible with a sincere monotheistic faith. The Brahmo Samaj criticized Brahmanical privilege and hereditary priesthood, challenging the idea that any group could claim a monopoly over religious authority. By grounding its critique in the oneness of God and the unity of humanity, the movement sought to purify religious practice from what it regarded as corrupt accretions.

In social practice, the Brahmo Samaj attempted to embody these principles through concrete reforms. Inter-caste social interaction, including shared worship and inter-caste marriage, was encouraged as a means of breaking down entrenched barriers. Membership and participation in religious services were opened to people from all caste backgrounds, symbolizing a single spiritual fellowship rather than a stratified community. Educational initiatives associated with the movement likewise welcomed students from varied social origins, reflecting a commitment to equal dignity and opportunity.

At the same time, the historical context shaped how fully these ideals could be realized. Many early adherents came from upper-caste, Western-educated circles, which meant that the complete eradication of caste in everyday life was uneven and often difficult. Yet, at the level of declared doctrine and aspiration, the Brahmo Samaj stood as an explicitly anti-caste, anti-hereditary movement, seeking to align social relations with its monotheistic understanding of human unity. In this way, it offered a spiritual critique of hierarchy that aimed not merely at reforming external customs, but at reorienting the inner vision through which people perceived one another.