Navayana Buddhism, also known as Ambedkarite Buddhism, is a modern reinterpretation of traditional Buddhism by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, a social reformer and leader of the Dalit community in India. This form of Buddhism emphasizes the principles of equality, social justice, and human rights, which were central to Ambedkar's vision for the upliftment of marginalized communities.

In Navayana Buddhism, the concept of karma is viewed as a social and psychological phenomenon rather than a metaphysical one. According to traditional Buddhism, karma refers to the law of cause and effect, where one's actions and intentions determine their future experiences and rebirth. However, Ambedkar rejected this understanding of karma as it perpetuates the idea of inequality and social hierarchy.

Ambedkar believed that the traditional concept of karma was used by the upper castes in Hindu society to justify the oppression and discrimination of the lower castes. He argued that the idea of karma was used to maintain the status quo and to deny the lower castes any hope of social mobility. In contrast, Navayana Buddhism sees karma as a product of social conditioning and discrimination, rather than an inherent characteristic of an individual.

Navayana Buddhism also rejects the notion of rebirth, which is closely linked to the concept of karma in traditional Buddhism. Ambedkar believed that the idea of rebirth was used to justify the existing social order and to discourage individuals from seeking social change in their current lives. Instead, Navayana Buddhism emphasizes the importance of taking action in the present to create a more just and equal society.

In Navayana Buddhism, the concept of karma is also closely tied to the principle of pratityasamutpada or dependent origination. This principle states that all phenomena are interdependent and arise due to various causes and conditions. Ambedkar believed that this understanding of causality could help break the cycle of oppression and discrimination by acknowledging the role of social and historical factors in shaping an individual's life.

Furthermore, Navayana Buddhism also emphasizes the importance of individual responsibility and agency in creating positive change. Instead of being bound by the idea of karma, individuals are encouraged to take action and challenge social inequalities and injustices. This aligns with Ambedkar's vision of empowering the marginalized communities and promoting social equality.

In conclusion, Navayana Buddhism views karma as a social and psychological phenomenon rather than a metaphysical concept. It rejects the traditional understanding of karma and rebirth, which were used to justify social hierarchy and discrimination. Instead, it emphasizes the principles of equality, social justice, and individual agency in creating a more just and harmonious society.