Within the Dvaita Vedānta tradition, the textual landscape can be seen in two broad layers: the foundational śruti and smṛti that all Vedānta schools revere, and the distinctive Dvaita commentarial corpus that articulates and defends its dualistic vision. On the scriptural side, the principal Upaniṣads, the Bhagavad Gītā, the Brahma Sūtra, the Mahābhārata, and especially the Bhāgavata Purāṇa are treated as supreme authorities, interpreted so as to affirm the eternal distinction between the individual self and the Supreme. These texts are not merely cited but are read through a consistent Vaiṣṇava lens, with Viṣṇu or Nārāyaṇa recognized as the highest Brahman. In this way, the same scriptural sources shared with other Vedānta schools become the ground on which a distinctly dualistic theology is constructed and justified.

The heart of Dvaita’s own literary heritage lies in the works of Madhvācārya and the later ācāryas who systematized and elaborated his insights. Madhva’s commentaries such as the Brahma Sūtra Bhāṣya, the Bhagavad Gītā Bhāṣya, the Gītā Tātparya, and his Upaniṣad Bhāṣyas anchor Dvaita exegesis directly in the core Vedāntic canon, while texts like Mahābhārata Tātparya Nirṇaya and Bhāgavata Tātparya Nirṇaya draw out the theological purport of epic and Purāṇic narratives. Alongside these stand more doctrinal treatises—Tattva-saṅkhyāna, Tattva-viveka, Tattvodyota, Viṣṇu-tattva-vinirṇaya, Pramāṇa-lakṣaṇa, and Sadācāra-smṛti—which clarify categories of reality, the means of valid knowledge, and the contours of right conduct. Together, these works form a tightly woven body of thought that continually returns to the central affirmation of difference: between God and soul, between one soul and another, and between the dependent world and the independent Supreme.

Later Dvaita teachers extend this tradition through powerful commentaries and dialectical works that defend the system against rival schools. Jayatīrtha’s Nyāya-sudhā and Tattva-prakāśikā probe and refine Madhva’s positions with philosophical rigor, while Vyāsatīrtha’s Nyāyāmṛta and Tarkatāṇḍava engage in sustained debate with non-dualistic interpretations. These texts do more than preserve a lineage; they show how the dualistic insight can be argued, clarified, and deepened across generations. Read together with the foundational scriptures, they offer a coherent path in which devotion to Viṣṇu, careful reasoning, and scriptural fidelity converge around the conviction that the finite self and the infinite Brahman remain eternally distinct yet intimately related.