Madhyamaka, also known as the "Middle Way" philosophy, is a school of Buddhist thought that originated in India during the 2nd century CE. It was founded by the Indian philosopher Nagarjuna and is based on the concept of emptiness (śūnyatā) - the idea that all phenomena lack inherent existence or inherent nature.

One of the main ways in which Madhyamaka differs from other Buddhist philosophies is its emphasis on the concept of emptiness. While other schools of Buddhism also recognize the concept of emptiness, Madhyamaka places it at the center of its teachings and uses it as a tool to understand the nature of reality.

In contrast to other Buddhist philosophies, Madhyamaka does not posit the existence of any ultimate reality or absolute truth. Instead, it asserts that all phenomena, including the self, are empty of inherent existence. This means that nothing has an independent, unchanging essence or nature. This view is in direct opposition to the essentialist views held by many other philosophical schools, both within and outside of Buddhism.

Another key difference between Madhyamaka and other Buddhist philosophies is its rejection of the concept of a permanent self or soul. While other schools of Buddhism may posit the existence of a self or soul that is reborn from one life to the next, Madhyamaka asserts that the self is also empty of inherent existence. This means that there is no permanent, unchanging self that continues on after death.

Furthermore, Madhyamaka differs from other Buddhist schools in its approach to the concept of dependent origination. While other schools may view dependent origination as a linear causal chain, Madhyamaka sees it as a complex web of interdependent phenomena. This understanding of dependent origination further supports the Madhyamaka view of emptiness, as it shows that all phenomena are interconnected and lack inherent existence.

In terms of practice, Madhyamaka also differs from other Buddhist schools in its emphasis on the use of logical reasoning and analysis. While other schools may rely more on meditation and contemplation, Madhyamaka encourages practitioners to use their intellect to understand the nature of reality and the concept of emptiness.

In summary, Madhyamaka differs from other Buddhist philosophies in its emphasis on emptiness, its rejection of a permanent self, its understanding of dependent origination, and its use of logical reasoning in practice. These differences make Madhyamaka a unique and influential school of Buddhist thought that continues to be studied and practiced by many to this day.