Lingayatism is a religious and social movement that emerged in the 12th century in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is a form of Hinduism that centers around devotion to Shiva and emphasizes social reform and equality. The followers of Lingayatism are known as Lingayats, and they reject the caste system and other Hindu rituals and practices.

The origins of Lingayatism can be traced back to the 12th century, during the reign of the Kalachuri dynasty in Karnataka. The movement was founded by a Hindu saint and philosopher named Basava, who was born into a Brahmin family but rejected the hierarchical caste system. Basava believed in the equality of all individuals, regardless of their caste or social status, and preached a message of social reform.

Basava's teachings were based on the concept of "bhakti," or devotion, to Shiva. He believed that true devotion to Shiva could only be achieved through selfless service, rather than through traditional Hindu rituals and practices. This concept of bhakti became the central tenet of Lingayatism and is still practiced by its followers today.

Under Basava's leadership, Lingayatism gained a large following among the lower castes and outcastes of Karnataka. The movement also attracted many women, who were given equal status and rights within the community. This was a significant departure from traditional Hinduism, which often relegated women to a subordinate role.

During the 12th and 13th centuries, Lingayatism spread rapidly throughout Karnataka and neighboring regions. It was supported by rulers such as the Hoysala dynasty, who were impressed by its message of social reform and equality. Many Lingayat saints and poets emerged during this time, spreading the teachings of Basava through their writings and oral traditions.

However, Lingayatism also faced opposition from the dominant Hindu sects, who saw it as a threat to their power and influence. In the 14th century, the Lingayat community faced persecution and violence from the Vijayanagara empire, which was controlled by the Vaishnava sect. This led to a split within the Lingayat community, with some members choosing to align with the Vaishnava sect and others remaining faithful to the teachings of Basava.

Despite these challenges, Lingayatism continued to thrive and spread throughout southern India. In the 19th and 20th centuries, it gained renewed momentum as a social and political movement, with Lingayats actively participating in social and political reform movements in India.

Today, Lingayatism is recognized as a distinct religious and cultural identity within India, with a large following in Karnataka and other southern states. It continues to uphold the values of social equality and service to humanity, as taught by Basava, and remains an important part of the religious and cultural landscape of India.