Neo-Confucianism is a philosophical and ethical system that emerged in China during the Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE) and reached its peak during the Ming (1368-1644 CE) and Qing (1644-1911 CE) dynasties. It is a synthesis of Confucian, Taoist, and Buddhist ideas, and it differs from traditional Confucianism in several ways.

One of the main differences between Neo-Confucianism and traditional Confucianism is the incorporation of Taoist and Buddhist concepts. While traditional Confucianism focused primarily on the importance of moral virtues, social harmony, and filial piety, Neo-Confucianism expanded its scope to include spiritual and metaphysical beliefs. This was influenced by Taoist and Buddhist ideas such as the concept of qi (life force) and the cycle of birth and rebirth. Neo-Confucianism also emphasized the cultivation of one's inner self and the pursuit of enlightenment, which were not central to traditional Confucianism.

Another major difference is the role of reason and emotion. Traditional Confucianism emphasized the importance of rationality and the cultivation of moral virtues through education and self-cultivation. In contrast, Neo-Confucianism recognized the role of emotions in human nature and believed that they could be harnessed and directed towards moral ends. This was influenced by Taoist ideas of balancing yin and yang, and Buddhist teachings on mindfulness and compassion.

Additionally, Neo-Confucianism placed a greater emphasis on the individual's relationship with the universe and the natural world. Traditional Confucianism focused on human relationships and social harmony, while Neo-Confucianism recognized the interconnectedness of all things and the need for humans to align themselves with the natural order. This was influenced by Taoist and Buddhist beliefs in the unity of all things and the concept of the "Great Way."

Furthermore, Neo-Confucianism also differed from traditional Confucianism in its approach to social and political issues. While traditional Confucianism emphasized the importance of social hierarchy and the role of the ruler in promoting social harmony, Neo-Confucianism placed a greater emphasis on individual responsibility and the role of the individual in creating a just society. This was influenced by Buddhist teachings on karma and the idea that individuals have the power to shape their own destiny.

In conclusion, Neo-Confucianism differs from traditional Confucianism in its incorporation of Taoist and Buddhist ideas, its recognition of the role of emotions, its emphasis on the individual's relationship with the universe, and its approach to social and political issues. These differences demonstrate the evolution and adaptation of Confucianism in response to changing social and cultural contexts, and the enduring influence of Taoism and Buddhism in shaping Chinese philosophy.