Neo-Confucianism is a philosophical and ethical system that emerged in China during the Song dynasty (960-1279 CE) and reached its peak in the Ming (1368-1644 CE) and Qing (1644-1911 CE) dynasties. It is a synthesis of Confucian, Taoist, and Buddhist ideas, and it became the dominant school of thought in China for over 700 years. Neo-Confucianism is based on the teachings of Confucius, but it also incorporates elements from Taoism and Buddhism, creating a unique and complex belief system.

One of the key beliefs of Neo-Confucianism is the concept of the "Great Ultimate" or the "Supreme Ultimate." This is the ultimate source of all things and represents the harmony and balance of the universe. It is often depicted as a symbol of the yin and yang, representing the complementary forces of the universe. Neo-Confucianism teaches that individuals should strive to achieve harmony and balance within themselves and with the world around them.

Another important belief of Neo-Confucianism is the emphasis on self-cultivation and moral development. Confucius believed in the importance of self-improvement and the idea that individuals should strive to become morally virtuous. Neo-Confucianism takes this concept a step further by incorporating elements of Taoist and Buddhist teachings, such as meditation and mindfulness, to aid in the cultivation of one's inner self.

Neo-Confucianism also places a strong emphasis on the concept of filial piety, or respect and obedience towards one's parents and ancestors. This concept is closely tied to the idea of family and the importance of maintaining harmonious relationships within the family unit. Filial piety is seen as a fundamental virtue and is considered essential for maintaining social order and stability.

In addition, Neo-Confucianism emphasizes the importance of social harmony and the role of the individual in society. It teaches that individuals should fulfill their social roles and responsibilities in order to maintain a harmonious society. This includes respecting authority, fulfilling one's duties, and contributing to the greater good of society.

Lastly, Neo-Confucianism incorporates the concept of the "Way" or the "Dao," which is derived from Taoist teachings. The Way refers to the natural order of the universe and the path that individuals should follow in order to achieve harmony and balance. It is believed that by following the Way, individuals can achieve inner peace and live in harmony with the world around them.

In conclusion, Neo-Confucianism is a complex belief system that combines elements from Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Its key beliefs include the concept of the Great Ultimate, self-cultivation and moral development, filial piety, social harmony, and the Way. These beliefs have had a significant impact on Chinese society and continue to influence Chinese culture and values to this day