Neo-Confucianism, also known as the "New Learning" or "New Confucianism," emerged in China during the Song dynasty (960-1279 CE) as a response to the growing influence of Buddhism and Taoism on Confucianism. It sought to synthesize the teachings of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism into a cohesive philosophical system that would guide individuals in living a moral and ethical life.

At the core of Neo-Confucianism is the concept of li, which can be translated as "principle," "pattern," or "order." Li is seen as the underlying principle that governs the universe and provides the moral foundation for human behavior. It is believed that by following the principles of li, individuals can cultivate their moral character and achieve harmony within themselves and with the world around them.

One of the key teachings of Neo-Confucianism is the importance of self-cultivation. This involves the constant effort to improve one's moral character and cultivate virtues such as benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and sincerity. This emphasis on self-cultivation is rooted in the Confucian belief that individuals have the potential to become morally perfect and that it is their responsibility to strive towards this goal.

Neo-Confucianism also places a strong emphasis on the concept of ren, which can be translated as "humaneness" or "benevolence." Ren is seen as the ultimate moral virtue and is achieved through self-cultivation and the practice of li. It involves treating others with kindness, compassion, and empathy, and is considered essential for maintaining harmonious relationships with others.

In addition to self-cultivation and the practice of ren, Neo-Confucianism also emphasizes the importance of social harmony and the role of the individual in society. It teaches that individuals have a responsibility to contribute to the well-being of society and to uphold moral values in their interactions with others. This includes treating others with respect, fulfilling one's social and familial obligations, and promoting the greater good of society.

Furthermore, Neo-Confucianism also addresses the issue of morality and ethics through its emphasis on the concept of qi. Qi is believed to be the vital energy that permeates all things and is the source of life and moral principles. It is through the cultivation and balance of qi that individuals can achieve moral perfection and live in harmony with the universe.

In conclusion, Neo-Confucianism offers a comprehensive and integrated approach to morality and ethics by emphasizing self-cultivation, the practice of virtues, social harmony, and the balance of qi. It provides individuals with a moral framework for living a virtuous and ethical life and promotes the idea that individuals have the potential to become morally perfect through constant self-improvement.