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How have Jain scholars interpreted the Bhagavati Sutra over time?

Early centuries after its composition, monastic luminaries such as Acharya Kundakunda distilled key doctrinal threads to guide ascetics, treating the Sutra as a roadmap to liberation rather than a strict cosmological manual. As medieval Jain academies flourished, scholars like Vidyanandi and Siddhasena Divakara wove intricate glosses around each of the 97 chapters, blending metaphysics with ethical commentary. The 12th-century polymath Acharya Hemachandra went a step further, situating the Bhagavati Sutra within a broader intellectual universe, cross-referencing it with Nyāya logic and Sanskrit poetics.

Under the British Raj, figures like Champat Rai Jain and Hiralal Shastri rendered the text into English, framing its cosmic landscapes in terms familiar to Western readers—sometimes bending classical nuances to meet colonial expectations. The mid-20th century witnessed a renaissance of interest: scholars such as P.Y. Desai compared its layered universes with contemporaneous advances in astronomy, while H.C. Law highlighted its internal consistency and ethical thrust.

In recent years, digital humanities projects at institutions like the Jain eLibrary (2022) have unlocked manuscript treasures, spurring fresh translations and GIS-based reconstructions of the cosmic geography described in the Sutra. Interdisciplinary conferences at SOAS (2023) and the Sasakawa Global Summit (2024) have sparked lively debates on how ancient Jain concepts of plentitude and emptiness inform modern discussions on sustainability and virtual reality. Environmental ethicists now frequently tap into the Bhagavati Sutra’s intricate tales of interdependence, arguing that its vision of universal harmony offers more than spiritual guidance—it suggests a timely blueprint for living lightly on Earth.

This evolving philological and thematic tapestry shows the Bhagavati Sutra continually reframed, each era adding its own color without ever dimming the core message of nonviolence and cosmic balance.