Modern eyes have blown fresh air into the Brahma Sūtras, treating these millennia-old aphorisms as anything but dusty relics. By and large, scholars slice their interpretations through several lenses:

1. Classical Commentarial Tradition Revived
   • Advaita Vedānta (Śaṅkara): Emphasizes nondual Brahman; sees every sutra as pointing toward ultimate oneness.
   • Viśiṣṭādvaita (Rāmānuja) and Dvaita (Madhva): Read the text as affirming a qualified or strict duality.

2. Historical-Critical Approaches
   • European Indologists (Max Müller, Paul Deussen): Treated the sutras in a philological, evolutionary framework—tracing how ideas morphed from early Upaniṣads into coherent doctrine.
   • Postcolonial Critics (Richard King): Question the “timeless wisdom” narrative, highlighting power dynamics in translating and institutionalizing Vedānta during British rule.

3. Comparative Philosophy
   • Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: Framed the Brahma Sūtras as universal insights, bridging East and West—much like a philosophical Airbnb where Platonic forms and Advaita Brahman share a living room.
   • Huston Smith and Fritjof Capra: Linked Vedānta’s notion of an all-pervading reality to systems theory and modern physics, sparking lively conversations at recent consciousness-studies conferences.

4. Contemporary Thematic Readings
   • Consciousness Studies: As neuroscientists and AI researchers grapple with “the hard problem,” sutras on ātman-Brahman identity serve as a provocative counterpoint.
   • Ethics and Ecology: In the wake of climate anxiety, thinkers draw on Brahma Sūtras’ emphasis on cosmic unity to argue for environmental stewardship—echoing the “earth community” ethos trending in 2025’s global summits.

5. Living Traditions and Modern Teachers
   • Vivekānanda-inspired schools stress dynamic practice and social service, seeing the sutras not just as texts but as blueprints for inner and outer transformation.
   • Sri Aurobindo’s integral yoga weaves these aphorisms into an evolutionary spirituality, inviting readers to view Vedānta as a forward-looking manifesto.

At this crossroads of philology, philosophy, and lived spirituality, the Brahma Sūtras keep proving that ancient ideas can still pack a punch in twenty-first-century debates.